Coordination and Control
Q1. What is the primary function of the nervous system?
Answer: The primary function of the nervous system is to coordinate and control the activities of the body.
Q2. How does the nervous system differ from the endocrine system in terms of communication?
Answer: The nervous system uses electrical impulses for fast communication, while the endocrine system uses hormones for slower communication.
Q3. Name the two main divisions of the human nervous system?
Answer: The two main divisions of the human nervous system are the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Q4. Define a neuron and its basic structure?
Answer: A neuron is a specialized cell that transmits nerve impulses. Its basic structure includes a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.
Q5. What is the role of neurotransmitters in neuronal communication?
Answer: Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals across the synapse from one neuron to another, or from a neuron to a target cell.
Q6. Explain the process of reflex arc?
Answer: A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls reflex actions. It involves a sensory receptor, a sensory neuron, an interneuron, a motor neuron, and an effector.
Q7. How does the endocrine system regulate body functions?
Answer: The endocrine system regulates body functions by releasing hormones into the bloodstream, which then travel to target cells and organs to exert their effects.
Q8. Name the master gland of the endocrine system and its location?
Answer: The master gland of the endocrine system is the pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain.
Q9. What is the function of adrenaline in the body's response to stress?
Answer: Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, increases heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose levels, preparing the body for a "fight or flight" response during stressful situations.
Q10. Describe the structure and function of the cerebrum?
Answer: The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is responsible for higher brain functions such as thought, memory, and voluntary movement.
Q11. What is the role of the cerebellum in the body?
Answer: The cerebellum coordinates muscle movement and balance, ensuring smooth and precise motor control.
Q12. How does the hypothalamus regulate body temperature?
Answer: The hypothalamus acts as the body's thermostat, detecting changes in temperature and initiating responses to maintain homeostasis.
Q13. Define homeostasis and give an example?
Answer: Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain internal stability despite external changes. An example is the regulation of blood glucose levels by insulin and glucagon.
Q14. Explain the concept of negative feedback in hormonal regulation?
Answer: Negative feedback is a mechanism in which the response to a stimulus decreases the intensity of the stimulus, helping to maintain physiological balance. For example, insulin lowers blood glucose levels, which then inhibits further insulin release.
Q15. What is the role of the thyroid gland in metabolism?
Answer: The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development in the body.
Q16. How does the autonomic nervous system differ from the somatic nervous system?
Answer: The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions such as heart rate and digestion, while the somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.
Q17. Describe the structure and function of the spinal cord?
Answer: The spinal cord is a long, thin bundle of nerve tissue that extends from the brainstem to the lower back. It serves as a conduit for nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of the body and coordinates reflex actions.
Q18. What is the role of the adrenal glands in the stress response?
Answer: The adrenal glands release hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol in response to stress, helping the body to cope with the situation by increasing energy levels and suppressing non-essential functions.
Q19. How does the pineal gland regulate sleep-wake cycles?
Answer: The pineal gland secretes melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles by responding to changes in light and darkness.
Q20. Explain the concept of neurotransmission and its significance in nervous system function?
Answer: Neurotransmission is the process by which nerve cells communicate with each other and with target cells. It is essential for coordinating and controlling various physiological processes in the body, including sensory perception, motor control, and cognition.
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